No Stupid Questions

Why does the U.S. use Fahrenheit when Celsius is better? Would you quit your job if a coin flip told you to? And how do you get an entire country to drive on the other side of the road? SOURCES:Christian Crandall, professor of psychology at the University of Kansas.Stephen Dubner, host of Freakonomics Radio and co-author of the Freakonomics books.Scott Eidelman, professor of psychology at the University of Arkansas.David Hume, 18th century Scottish philosopher.Ellen Langer, professor of psychology at Harvard University.Steve Levitt, professor emeritus of economics at the University of Chicago, host of People I (Mostly) Admire, and co-author of the Freakonomics books.John McWhorter, professor of linguistics, English, and comparative literature at Columbia University.Mark Twain, 19-20th century American writer. RESOURCES:"What Countries Use the Imperial System?" by William Harris and Sascha Bos (HowStuffWorks, 2023)."UK Quietly Drops Brexit Law to Return to Imperial Measurements," by George Parker (Financial Times, 2023)."Heads or Tails: The Impact of a Coin Toss on Major Life Decisions and Subsequent Happiness," by Steven D. Levitt (The Review of Economic Studies, 2021)."A ‘Thrilling’ Mission to Get the Swedish to Change Overnight," by Maddy Savage (BBC, 2018)."Why We Can’t Quit the QWERTY Keyboard," by Rachel Metz (MIT Technology Review, 2018)."Why Americans Still Use Fahrenheit Long After Everyone Else Switched to Celsius," by Zack Beauchamp (Vox, 2015)."The Intuitive Traditionalist: How Biases for Existence and Longevity Promote the Status Quo," by Scott Eidelman and Christian Crandall (Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 2014)."What Scientific Concept Would Improve Everybody's Cognitive Toolkit?" (Edge, 2011)."Mars Probe Lost Due to Simple Math Error," by Robert Lee Hotz (Los Angeles Times, 1999). EXTRAS:"Would You Let a Coin Toss Decide Your Future?" by Freakonomics Radio (2013)."The Upside of Quitting," by Freakonomics Radio (2011).

What happens when machines become funnier, kinder, and more empathetic than humans? Do robot therapists save lives? And should Angela credit her virtual assistant as a co-author of her book? SOURCES:Robert Cialdini, professor emeritus of psychology at Arizona State University.Reid Hoffman, co-founder and executive chairman of LinkedIn; co-founder and board member of Inflection AI.Kazuo Ishiguro, novelist and screenwriter.Ethan Mollick, professor of management and co-director of the Generative A.I. Lab at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania.Ann Patchett, author.Kevin Roose, technology columnist for The New York Times and co-host of the podcast Hard Fork.Niko Tinbergen, 20th-century Dutch biologist and ornithologist.Lyle Ungar, professor of computer and information science at the University of Pennsylvania.E. B. White, 20th-century American author. RESOURCES:Co-Intelligence: Living and Working with AI, by Ethan Mollick (2024)."Meet My A.I. Friends," by Kevin Roose (The New York Times, 2024)."Loneliness and Suicide Mitigation for Students Using GPT3-Enabled Chatbots," by Bethanie Maples, Merve Cerit, Aditya Vishwanath, and Roy Pea (NPJ Mental Health Research, 2024)."AI Can Help People Feel Heard, but an AI Label Diminishes This Impact," by Yidan Yin, Nan Jia, and Cheryl J. Wakslak (PNAS, 2024)."Romantic AI Chatbots Don’t Have Your Privacy at Heart," by Jen Caltrider, Misha Rykov and Zoë MacDonald (Mozilla Foundation, 2024).Klara and the Sun, by Kazuo Ishiguro (2021).The Study Of Instinct, by Niko Tinbergen (1951).Pi. EXTRAS:"Are Our Tools Becoming Part of Us?" by People I (Mostly) Admire (2024)."Is GPS Changing Your Brain?" by No Stupid Questions (2023)."How to Think About A.I.," series by Freakonomics Radio (2023)."Would You Rather See a Computer or a Doctor?" by Freakonomics, M.D. (2022).

Do you see yourself the same way others see you? What’s the difference between self-perception and self-awareness? And why do Mike and Angela both hate fishing? SOURCES:Luis von Ahn, co-founder and C.E.O. of Duolingo; former chair of the board at Character Lab.Paul DePodesta, chief strategy officer of the Cleveland Browns; former baseball executive.Daniel Kahneman, professor emeritus of psychology and public affairs at Princeton University.Michel de Montaigne, 16th-century French philosopher.Barbara Tversky, professor emerita of psychology at Stanford University and professor of psychology and education at Teachers College, Columbia University. RESOURCES:"What Makes a 360-Degree Review Successful?" by Jack Zenger and Joseph Folkman (Harvard Business Review, 2020)."Self-Other Agreement in Personality Reports: A Meta-Analytic Comparison of Self- and Informant-Report Means," by Hyunji Kim, Stefano I. Di Domenico, and Brian S. Connelly (Psychological Science, 2019)."Don’t Let a Lack of Self-Awareness Hold You Back," by Tim Herrera (The New York Times, 2018)."Self-Discipline Outdoes IQ in Predicting Academic Performance of Adolescents," by Angela Duckworth and Martin E.P. Seligman (Psychological Science, 2005). EXTRAS:"Personality: The Big Five," series by No Stupid Questions (2024).Big Five Personality Inventory, by No Stupid Questions (2024)."Remembering Daniel Kahneman," by People I (Mostly) Admire (2024)."How Much Personal Space Do You Need?" by No Stupid Questions (2023).Moneyball, film (2011).Moneyball: The Art of Winning an Unfair Game, by Michael Lewis (2003).

What makes a con succeed? Does snake oil actually work? And just how gullible is Angela? SOURCES:Robert Cialdini, professor emeritus of psychology and marketing at Arizona State University.Yaniv Hanoch, professor of decision sciences at Coventry University.Hugo Mercier, research scientist at the French National Centre for Scientific Research.George Parker, 19-20th century American con artist.Clark Stanley, 19th century American herbalist and quack doctor.William Thompson, 19th century American criminal and con artist.Danny Wallace, British filmmaker, comedian, writer, and actor.Stacey Wood, professor of psychology at Scripps College. RESOURCES:"They Thought Loved Ones Were Calling for Help. It Was an A.I. Scam," by Pranshu Verma (The Washington Post, 2023)."Who Experiences Scams? A Story for All Ages," by the Federal Trade Commission (2022)."The Scams Among Us: Who Falls Prey and Why," by Yaniv Hanoch and Stacey Wood (Current Directions in Psychological Science, 2021)."The Nigerian Prince Scam Is Still Fooling People. Here’s Why," by Eleanor Cummins (Popular Science, 2020)."How Gullible Are We? A Review of the Evidence From Psychology and Social Science," by Hugo Mercier (Review of General Psychology, 2017)."The Man Who Sold the Eiffel Tower. Twice," by Jeff Maysh (Smithsonian Magazine, 2016)."Why Your Brain Loves Good Storytelling," by Paul J. Zak (Harvard Business Review, 2014)."A History Of 'Snake Oil Salesmen,'" by Lakshmi Gandhi (Code Switch, 2013).Yes Man, by Danny Wallace (2005)."For You, Half Price," by Gabriel Cohen (The New York Times, 2005).Influence, by Robert Cialdini (1984)."Arrest of the Confidence Man," (New York Herald, 1849). EXTRAS:"Are N.F.T.s All Scams?" by Freakonomics Radio (2022)."Trust Me," by Freakonomics Radio (2016).

Should government jobs have mandatory retirement ages? Is it foolish to care about your legacy? And why did Jason always call Angela’s father “Dr. Lee”? SOURCES:William Bridges, professor emeritus of American literature at Mills College, consultant, and author.Arthur Brooks, professor of leadership at Harvard University.Jimmy Carter, former President of the United States and founder of the Carter Center.Erik Erikson, 20th-century psychoanalyst.Craig Fox, professor of management at the University of California, Los Angeles.Daniel Kahneman, professor emeritus of psychology and public affairs at Princeton University.Mitt Romney, U.S. Senator from Utah. RESOURCES:"Congress Today Is Older Than It's Ever Been," by Geoffrey Skelley (FiveThirtyEight, 2023)."America’s Bosses Just Won’t Quit. That Could Spell Trouble," (The Economist, 2023)."At What Age Is Your Brain the Sharpest?" by Kendra Cherry (Verywell Mind, 2023)."Mitt Romney Announces He Won’t Seek Reelection as He Calls for ‘New Generation of Leaders’," by Clare Foran (CNN, 2023).From Strength to Strength: Finding Success, Happiness, and Deep Purpose in the Second Half of Life, by Arthur Brooks (2022)."Psychological Research on Retirement," by Mo Wang and Junqi Shi (Annual Review of Psychology, 2014)."Daniel Kahneman in Conversation with Craig Fox," (2004)."The Psychology of Life Stories," by Dan P. McAdams (Review of General Psychology, 2001).Childhood and Society, by Erik Erikson (1950).Bridges Transition Model. EXTRA:"Personality: The Big Five," series by No Stupid Questions (2024)."What Does Success Look Like?" by No Stupid Questions (2024)."How Do You Deal With Big Life Changes?" by No Stupid Questions (2023)."What’s So Great About Retirement?" by No Stupid Questions (2022)."I Know Him," song by Jonathan Groff (Hamilton: An American Musical, 2015).

Do you get your principles from your parents — or in spite of them? Is there anything wrong with valuing conformity? And why doesn’t McDonald’s sell salads?  SOURCES:Erika James, dean of the Wharton School of Business at the University of Pennsylvania.Olivia Rodrigo, singer-songwriter.Shalom Schwartz, professor emeritus of psychology at the Hebrew ‎‎University of Jerusalem.Thomas Talhelm, professor of behavioral science at the University of Chicago Booth School of Business. RESOURCES:"Measuring Trends in Americans' Personal Values," by Frank Newport (Gallup, 2023)."America Pulls Back From Values That Once Defined It, WSJ-NORC Poll Finds," by Aaron Zitner (The Wall Street Journal, 2023)."What Really Happened To McDonald's McSalad Shakers," by Colin McCandless (Mashed, 2023)."Personal Values Across Cultures," by Lilach Sagiv and Shalom H. Schwartz (Annual Review of Psychology, 2022)."Moving Chairs in Starbucks: Observational Studies Find Rice-Wheat Cultural Differences in Daily Life in China," by Thomas Talhelm, Xuemin Zhang, and Shigehiro Oishi (Science Advances, 2018)."Large-Scale Psychological Differences Within China Explained by Rice Versus Wheat Agriculture," by Thomas Talhelm, Xuemin Zhang, Shigehiro Oishi, Shinobu Kitayama, et al. (Science, 2014)."An Overview of the Schwartz Theory of Basic Values," by Shalom Schwartz (Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, 2012).The Short Schwartz’s Value Survey, from "Measuring values with the Short Schwartz's Value Survey," by Marjaana Lindeman and Markku Verkasalo (Journal of Personality Assessment, 2005). EXTRAS:"Should You Get Out of Your Comfort Zone?" by No Stupid Questions (2024)."How Sinful Are 'No Stupid Questions' Listeners?" by No Stupid Questions (2023)."hope ur ok," song by Olivia Rodrigo (Sour, 2021).

How is the brain affected by solitary confinement? How would you deal with being stranded on a deserted island? And do baby monkeys make the best therapists?  SOURCES:William Broyles Jr., screenwriter, journalism, and former U.S. Marine Corps officer.Beatriz Flamini, Spanish mountaineer.Craig Haney, professor of psychology at the University of California Santa Cruz.Harry Harlow, 20th-century American psychologist.Sarah Hepola, author.Nelson Mandela, former president of South Africa.Tree Meinch, freelance writer, editor, and freediver.Alexander Selkirk, 18th-century Scottish privateer and Royal Navy officer.Cheryl Strayed, writer and podcast host. RESOURCES:"The Impact of Isolation on Brain Health," by Vibol Heng, Craig Haney, and Richard Jay Smeyne (Neurobiology of Brain Disorders, 2023)."What Happens When Humans Are Extremely Isolated?" by Tree Meinch (Discover, 2023)."Spanish Climber Leaves Cave After 500 Days in Isolation," by Ciarán Giles (AP News, 2023)."Solitary Confinement Is Not 'Solitude': The Worst Case Scenario of Being 'Alone' in Prison," by Craig Haney (The Handbook of Solitude, 2021).This Tender Land, by William Kent Krueger (2019).Wild: From Lost to Found on the Pacific Crest Trail, by Cheryl Strayed (2012)."The Real Robinson Crusoe," by Bruce Selcraig (Smithsonian Magazine, 2005)."Lost at Sea and Back Again," by Sarah Hepola (The Austin Chronicle, 2000)."Social Recovery of Monkeys Isolated for the First Year of Life: I. Rehabilitation and Therapy," by Melinda Novak and Harry Harlow (Developmental Psychology, 1975). EXTRAS:"Do You Need a Hug?" by No Stupid Questions (2024)."What Makes a Good Gathering?" by No Stupid Questions (2024)."What to Do When Everything Looks Like a Catastrophe?" by No Stupid Questions (2022).Cast Away, film (2000).

Do humans need touch to survive? Do any of us get enough touch throughout our lives? And why doesn’t Angela want to hug anyone for eight seconds? SOURCES:Ophelia Deroy, chair of the department of philosophy of mind and cognitive neuroscience at Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich.Kory Floyd, professor of communications at the University of Arizona.Harry Harlow, 20th-century American psychologist.Sirin Kale, associate editor at Vice.Christy Kane, clinical mental health counselor.Carmen Rasmusen Herbert, country music artist and columnist.Virginia Satir, 20th-century clinical social worker and family therapist. RESOURCES:"A Systematic Review and Multivariate Meta-Analysis of the Physical and Mental Health Benefits of Touch Interventions," by Julian Packheiser, Helena Hartmann, Kelly Fredriksen, Valeria Gazzola, Christian Keysers, and Frédéric Michon (Nature Human Behaviour, 2024)."WHO Advises Immediate Skin to Skin Care for Survival of Small and Preterm Babies," by the World Health Organization (2022)."Affective Interpersonal Touch in Close Relationships: A Cross-Cultural Perspective," by Agnieszka Sorokowska, Supreet Saluja, Ilona Croy, et al. (Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 2021)."Results Revealed for The Touch Test: The World’s Largest Study of Touch," (BBC Media Centre, 2020)."How 8-Second Hugs Can Counteract the Negative Side Effects From Electronics," by Carmen Rasmusen Herbert (Deseret News, 2018)."Confidence is Higher in Touch Than in Vision in Cases of Perceptual Ambiguity," by Merle T. Fairhurst, Eoin Travers, Vincent Hayward, and Ophelia Deroy (Nature: Scientific Reports, 2018)."The Life of the Skin-Hungry: Can You Go Crazy from a Lack Of Touch?" by Sirin Kale (Vice, 2016)."Warm Partner Contact Is Related to Lower Cardiovascular Reactivity," by Karen M. Grewen, Bobbi J. Anderson, Susan S. Girdler, and Kathleen C. Light (Behavioral Medicine, 2010)."The Nature of Love," by Harry Harlow (American Psychologist, 1958). EXTRAS:"Did Covid-19 Kill the Handshake?" by No Stupid Questions (2020).

How final is a final offer, really? Does anonymity turn nice people into jerks? And should you tell your crush that you dreamed about marrying them? SOURCES:Max Bazerman, professor of business administration at Harvard Business School.Deepak Malhotra, professor of business administration at Harvard Business School.Elon Musk, owner and C.T.O. of X Corp (formerly Twitter), C.E.O. of Space X, and C.E.O. of Tesla.John Krasinski, actor and filmmaker. RESOURCES:"Elon Musk Says Twitter Will Try to Rehire Some of Its Laid-Off Staff, and That Some of the People He Fired 'Shouldn't Have Been' Cut," by Pete Syme (Business Insider, 2023)."Read the Midnight Email Elon Musk Sent Twitter Staff Telling Them to Work 'Long Hours at High Intensity' – or Quit," by Jyoti Mann (Business Insider, 2022)."When to Use Ultimatums & When to Avoid Them," by Deepak Malhotra (Negotiation Insights Video Series, 2020)."'Take It or Leave It!' A Choice Mindset Leads to Greater Persistence and Better Outcomes in Negotiations," by Anyi Ma, Yu Yang, and Krishna Savani (Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 2019)."John Krasinski Was Ready To Quit Acting Before 'The Office'," by The Late Show with Stephen Colbert (2018)."Models of the Evolution of Fairness in the Ultimatum Game: A Review and Classification," by Stéphane Debove, Nicolas Baumard, and Jean-Baptiste André (Evolution and Human Behavior, 2016)."15 Rules for Negotiating a Job Offer," by Deepak Malhotra (Harvard Business Review, 2014).Negotiation Genius: How to Overcome Obstacles and Achieve Brilliant Results at the Bargaining Table and Beyond, by Deepak Malhotra and Max Bazerman (2007)."Fairness Versus Reason in the Ultimatum Game," by Martin A. Nowak, Karen M. Page, and Karl Sigmund (Science, 2000). EXTRAS:"Get Your Share of the Pie," by People I (Mostly) Admire (2022).Mrs. Miracle, by Debbie Macomber (1996).

Are we using technology to make ourselves numb? What’s the downside of air conditioning? And was Angela the most annoying person in her college classes? SOURCES:Paul Bloom, professor of psychology at the University of Toronto.Ed Diener, professor emeritus at the University of Illinois.Michael Easter, author.Alex Hutchinson, journalist.Shigehiro Oishi, professor of psychology at the University of Chicago.Taylor Swift, singer-songwriter. RESOURCES:"World Happiness Report," (Gallup, 2024)."How Painful Should Your Workout Be?" by Alex Hutchinson (The New York Times, 2022)."Taylor Swift’s NYU Commencement Speech: Read the Full Transcript," by Hannah Dailey (Billboard, 2022).The Comfort Crisis: Embrace Discomfort to Reclaim Your Wild, Happy, Healthy Self, by Michael Easter (2021).The Sweet Spot: The Pleasures of Suffering and the Search for Meaning, by Paul Bloom (2021)."Residents of Poor Nations Have a Greater Sense of Meaning in Life Than Residents of Wealthy Nations," by Shigehiro Oishi and Ed Diener (Psychological Science, 2014)."Confusion Can Be Beneficial for Learning," by Sidney D’Mello, Blair Lehman, Reinhard Pekrun, and Art Graesser (Learning and Instruction, 2014)."Stranger Situations: Examining a Self-Regulatory Model of Socially Awkward Encounters," by Joshua Clegg (Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 2012). EXTRAS:"Should You Get Out of Your Comfort Zone?" by No Stupid Questions (2024).

Are fantasies helpful or harmful? How is daydreaming like a drug? And what did Angela fantasize about during ninth-grade English class? SOURCES:Patrick Bet-David, YouTuber and founding C.E.O. of PHP Agency Inc.Barbara Corcoran, "Shark" and executive producer on ABC’s Shark Tank and founder of The Corcoran Group.Peter Gollwitzer, professor of psychology at New York University.Danny Kahneman, professor emeritus of psychology at Princeton University.Robert Nozick, philosopher.Gabriele Oettingen, professor of psychology at New York University.Kim Scott, co-founder of Radical Candor and prominent C.E.O. coach in Silicon Valley. RESOURCES:"Dreamscrolling," by Empower (The Currency, 2024)."Most Americans Can’t Afford a $1,000 Emergency: Survey," by Travis Schlepp (The Hill, 2024)."Positive Fantasies and Negative Emotions in Soccer Fans," by A. Timur Sevincer, Greta Wagner, and Gabriele Oettingen (Cognition and Emotion, 2019).Radical Candor: Be a Kick-Ass Boss Without Losing Your Humanity, by Kim Scott (2017)."Pleasure Now, Pain Later: Positive Fantasies About the Future Predict Symptoms of Depression," by Gabriele Oettingen, Doris Mayer, and Sam Portnow (Psychological Science, 2016)."Positive Fantasies About Idealized Futures Sap Energy," by Heather Barry Kappes and Gabriele Oettingen (Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 2011)."Self-Regulation of Goal Setting: Turning Free Fantasies About the Future Into Binding Goals," by Gabriele Oettingen, Hyeon-ju Pak, and Karoline Schnetter (Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2001)."Intuitive Prediction: Biases and Corrective Procedures," by Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky (DARPA Technical Report, 1977).Anarchy, State, and Utopia, by Robert Nozick (1974). EXTRAS:"Can You Really 'Manifest' Success Through Positive Visualization?" by No Stupid Questions (2024).

Can you ever really know how another person feels? What’s the best way to support a grieving person? And why doesn’t Hallmark sell empathy cards?  SOURCES:Daniel Batson, professor emeritus of psychology at the University of Kansas.Paul Bloom, professor of psychology at University of Toronto.Paul Polman, businessman, author, and former C.E.O. of Unilever. RESOURCES:“Empathy, Sympathy, and Emotion Regulation: A Meta-Analytic Review,” by H. Melis Yavuz, Tyler Colasante, Emma Galarneau, and Tina Malti (Psychological Bulletin, 2024).“Have Some Sympathy,” by Pamela Paul (The New York Times, 2023).“What is Club 33? Inside Disney’s Most Exclusive Club,” by Evelyn Long (Walt Disney World Magazine, 2022).“The Case Against Empathy,” by Sean Illing (Vox, 2019).Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion, by Paul Bloom (2016).“Beautiful friendship: Social sharing of emotions improves subjective feelings and activates the neural reward circuitry,” by Ullrich Wagner, Lisa Galli, Björn H. Schott, Andrew Wold, Job van der Schalk, Antony S. R. Manstead, Klaus Scherer, and Henrik Walter (Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 2015).Just Babies: The Origins of Good and Evil, by Paul Bloom (2013).The Elegance of the Hedgehog, by Muriel Barbery (2006). “Immorality from Empathy-Induced Altruism: When Compassion and Justice Conflict,” by Daniel Batson, Tricia Klein, Lori Highberger, and Laura Shaw (Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1995).“The Four Horsemen: Contempt,” by Ellie Lisitsa (The Gottman Institute). EXTRAS:“Is Empathy in Fact Immoral?” by No Stupid Questions (2021).Parasite, film (2019).King James Bible, Job 2:1-13. The Book of Mormon, Mosiah 18:9.

Why do so many book clubs fall apart? Do the best parties have rules? And does Angela’s husband want to date you?  SOURCES:Fredrik Backman, author.David Chavis, senior fellow at Community Science.Daniel Gilbert, professor of psychology at Harvard University.Sebastian Junger, journalist and author.David McMillan, clinical and community psychologist.Priya Parker, strategic advisor and author. RESOURCES:"Do Conversations End When People Want Them to?" by Adam M. Mastroianni, Daniel Gilbert, Gus Cooney, and Timothy D. Wilson (PNAS, 2021)."3 Steps to Turn Everyday Get-Togethers Into Transformative Gatherings," by Priya Parker (TED Talk, 2019).The Art of Gathering: How We Meet and Why It Matters, by Priya Parker (2018).Tribe: On Homecoming and Belonging, by Sebastian Junger (2016).Beartown, by Fredrik Backman (2016).“The 36 Questions That Lead to Love,” by Daniel Jones (The New York Times, 2015).A Man Called Ove, by Fredrik Backman (2012)."Sense of Community: A Definition and Theory," by David McMillan and David Chavis (Journal of Community Psychology, 1986). EXTRAS:"How Can You Get Closer to the People You Care About?" by No Stupid Questions (2023)."How Do You Connect With Someone You Just Met?" by No Stupid Questions (2023).A Man Called Otto, film (2022).

What’s the difference between being popular and being cool? How has social media changed the trend cycle? And what do Taylor Swift and Walmart have in common? SOURCES:Anette Asp, project manager and research coordinator at the California Institute of Technology.Lalin Anik, professor of marketing at Vrije University Amsterdam.Marc Bain, journalist.Judy Blume, young adult author.Colin Camerer, professor of behavioral economics at the California Institute of Technology.James Dean, 20th-century American actor.Ryan Hauser, Ph.D. candidate at the Yale School of Management.Michael Jordan, former professional basketball player.Johnny Miles, senior value manager at Workday.Steven Quartz, professor of philosophy at the California Institute of Technology.David Skinner, editor of Humanities magazine.Lindsey Vonn, Olympic alpine skier. RESOURCES:"Do You Think You're Cool?" poll by YouGov (2024)."What Cool Means Now," by Marc Bain (Quartz, 2020)."The History of Michael Jordan's 'Banned' Sneakers," (Complex, 2020)."Brand Coolness," by Caleb Warren, Rajeev Batra, Sandra Maria Correia Loureiro, and Richard P. Bagozzi (Journal of Marketing, 2019)."How to be Cool," by Johnny Miles (UVA Darden Ideas to Action, 2017).Cool: How the Brain’s Hidden Quest for Cool Drives Our Economy and Shapes Our World, by Steven Quartz and Anette Asp (2015)."How Capitalism Created 'Cool,'" by Bourree Lam (The Atlantic, 2015)."How Did Cool Become Such a Big Deal?" by David Skinner (Humanities, 2014). EXTRA:"Are We Getting Lonelier?" by No Stupid Questions (2023).

Why do we tell kids that a fairy will give them cash in exchange for their teeth? How should we talk to them about scary things in the world? And is Mike one of the greatest operatic tenors of all time?  SOURCES:Laura Wheatman Hill, journalist.George Lin, Ph.D. student in psychology at the University of Pennsylvania.Melinda Wenner Moyer, journalist and author.Luciano Pavarotti, Italian operatic tenor.Amy Stoeber, clinical psychologist.Jacqueline Woolley, professor of psychology at the University of Texas at Austin. RESOURCES:"Parenting by Lying," by Peipei Setoh, Petrina Hui Xian Low, Gail D. Heyman, and Kang Lee (Current Directions in Psychological Science, 2024)."Should You Always Tell Your Kids the Truth? It Depends," by Laura Wheatman Hill (CNN, 2021)."Parenting by Lying in Childhood Is Associated With Negative Developmental Outcomes in Adulthood," by Peipei Setoh, Siqi Zhao, Rachel Santos, Gail D. Heyman, and Kang Lee (Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 2020)."The Santa Lie," by Melinda Wenner Moyer (2012). EXTRAS:"When Is It OK to Tell a Lie?" by No Stupid Questions (2021).How to Raise Kids Who Aren't A*******: Science-Based Strategies for Better Parenting — from Tots to Teens, by Melinda Wenner Moyer (2021).Life Is Beautiful, film (1997)."Love at the Five and Dime," song by Nanci Griffith (1986).The Hiding Place, by Corrie ten Boom (1971).

WaitWhat C.E.O. Jeff Berman interviews Angela about “grit-scaling” and her unlikely path to academic celebrity.

Is there any upside to negative emotions? What can comedians teach us about dealing with pain? And why did Angela eat off of a stranger’s plate at a sushi bar?  SOURCES:Ludwig van Beethoven, 18th-19th century composer and pianist.Jen Christensen, reporter and producer at CNN.Lauren Eskreis-Winkler, professor of management & organizations at Northwestern University.Sigmund Freud, neurologist and founder of psychoanalysis.Shirley MacLaine, actor.George Vaillant, professor of psychiatry at Massachusetts General Hospital.Ali Wong, comedian. RESOURCES:"The Sad Clown: The Deep Emotions Behind Stand-Up Comedy," by Jen Christensen (CNN, 2018)."Neuroticism," by Jennifer L. Tackett and Benjamin B. Lahey (The Oxford handbook of the Five Factor Model, 2017)."Thinking Too Much: Self-Generated Thought as the Engine of Neuroticism," by Adam M. Perkins, Danilo Arnone, Jonathan Smallwood, and Dean Mobbs (Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 2015)."Survivor Mission: Do Those Who Survive Have a Drive to Thrive at Work?" by Lauren Eskreis-Winkler, Elizabeth Shulman, and Angela Duckworth (The Journal of Positive Psychology, 2014)."Age Differences in Personality Traits From 10 to 65: Big Five Domains and Facets in a Large Cross-Sectional Sample," by Christopher J. Soto, Oliver P. John, Samuel D. Gosling, and Jeff Potter (Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2011)."Adaptive Mental Mechanisms: Their Role in a Positive Psychology," by George Vaillant (American Psychologist, 2000).The Harvard Study of Adult Development. EXTRAS:Big Five Personality Inventory, by No Stupid Questions (2024).“Personality: The Big Five,” series by No Stupid Questions (2024).Terms of Endearment, film by James L. Brooks (1983)."Invictus," poem by William Ernest Henley (1888).

Where is the line between a good guy and a doormat? Do people with sharp elbows make more money? And why did Angela’s mother give away her birthday present?Take the Big Five inventory: freakonomics.com/bigfive SOURCES:Kristen Bell, actor.Jeff Bezos, founder and executive chairman of Amazon.Harry Connick Jr., singer, pianist, and actor.Juli Fraga, psychologist and writer.Adam Grant, professor of management and psychology at the University of Pennsylvania.Allison Sweet Grant, writer.Timothy Judge, chair of the department of Management and Human Resources at The Ohio State University.Frank Jacobs, journalist and columnist at Big Think.Beth Livingston, professor of industrial relations at the University of Iowa.Topher Payne, playwright and screenwriter.Dax Shepard, actor and podcast host. RESOURCES:"Are You a Chronic People-Pleaser? Here’s How to Be Kinder to Yourself," by Juli Fraga (The Washington Post, 2023)."Geopsychology: Your Personality Depends on Where You Live," by Frank Jacobs (Big Think, 2023)."We Need to Talk About ‘The Giving Tree,'" by Adam Grant and Allison Sweet Grant (The New York Times, 2020).The Tree Who Set Healthy Boundaries, by Topher Payne (2020)."Do as You’re Told! Facets of Agreeableness and Early Adult Outcomes for Inner-City Boys," by Margaret Kern, Angela Duckworth, Sergio Urzúa, Rolf Loeber, Magda Stouthamer-Loeber, and Donald Lynam (Journal of Research in Personality, 2013).Give and Take: Why Helping Others Drives Our Success, by Adam Grant (2013)."Do Nice Guys — and Gals — Really Finish Last? The Joint Effects of Sex and Agreeableness on Income," by Timothy Judge and Beth Livingston (Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2012). EXTRAS:Big Five Personality Inventory, by No Stupid Questions (2024).“Personality: The Big Five,” series by No Stupid Questions (2024)."Are You Suffering From Burnout?" by No Stupid Questions (2023).

What’s the difference between being introverted and being shy? What are extroverts so cheerful about? And does Angela’s social battery ever run out?Take the Big Five inventory: freakonomics.com/bigfive SOURCES:Susan Cain, author.Will Fleeson, professor of psychology at Wake Forest University.Sigmund Freud, neurologist and founder of psychoanalysis.Adam Grant, professor of management and psychology at the University of Pennsylvania.Carl Jung, psychiatrist and psychoanalyst.Donald Kamentz, founder and C.E.O. of Contigo Ed.Sonja Lyubomirsky, professor of psychology at the University of California, Riverside.Seth Margolis, professor of biological chemistry at Johns Hopkins University. RESOURCES:"A Crucial Character Trait for Happiness," by Arthur C. Brooks (The Atlantic, 2023)."Experimental Manipulation of Extraverted and Introverted Behavior and Its Effects on Well-Being," by Seth Margolis and Sonja Lyubomirsky (Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 2020)."Challenges to Capture the Big Five Personality Traits in Non-WEIRD Populations," by Rachid Laajaj, Karen Macours, Daniel Alejandro Pinzon Hernandez, Omar Arias, Samuel D. Gosling, Jeff Potter, Marta Rubio-Codina, and Renos Vakis (Science Advances, 2019)."Rethinking the Extraverted Sales Ideal: The Ambivert Advantage," by Adam Grant (Psychological Science, 2013)."The Power of Introverts," by Susan Cain (TED Talk, 2012).Quiet: The Power of Introverts in a World That Can't Stop Talking, by Susan Cain (2012)."Personality Trait Change in Adulthood," by Brent W. Roberts Daniel Mroczek (Current Directions in Psychological Science, 2008)."Toward a Structure- and Process-Integrated View of Personality: Traits as Density Distributions of States," by William Fleeson (Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2001). EXTRAS:Big Five Personality Inventory, by No Stupid Questions (2024).“Personality: The Big Five,” series by No Stupid Questions (2024).

Is it really that important to make your bed? What’s the benefit of hiring a lazy person? And how many cups of spinach can Mike fit in a red Solo cup?  Take the Big Five inventory: freakonomics.com/bigfive SOURCES:David Barack, philosopher and neuroscientist at the University of Pennsylvania.Randall Bell, socio-economist and C.E.O. of Landmark Research Group.Julia Cameron, author, poet, songwriter, filmmaker, and playwright.Charles Duhigg, journalist and author.Guy Kawasaki, author and Silicon Valley venture capitalist.William McRaven, professor of national security at the University of Texas at Austin and retired Admiral in the United States Navy. RESOURCES:"Large Studies Reveal How Reference Bias Limits Policy Applications of Self-Report Measures," by Benjamin Lira, Joseph M. O’Brien, Pablo A. Peña, Brian M. Galla, Sidney D’Mello, David S. Yeager, Amy Defnet, Tim Kautz, Kate Munkacsy, and Angela Duckworth (Nature: Scientific Reports, 2022)."Too Much of a Good Thing? Exploring the Inverted-U Relationship Between Self-Control and Happiness," by Christopher Wiese, Louis Tay, Angela Duckworth, Sidney D'Mello, Lauren Kuykendall, Wilhelm Hofmann, Roy Baumeister, and Kathleen Vohs (Journal of Personality, 2018)."7 ‘Rich Habits’ of Highly Successful People, From a Man Who Studied Them for 25 Years," by Kathleen Elkins (CNBC, 2017).Make Your Bed: Little Things That Can Change Your Life...And Maybe the World, by William McRaven (2017).The Power of Habit: Why We Do What We Do in Life and Business, by Charles Duhigg (2012)."Who Does Well in Life? Conscientious Adults Excel in Both Objective and Subjective Success," by Angela Duckworth, David Weir, Eli Tsukayama, and David Kwok (Frontiers in Psychology, 2012).The Artist's Way: A Spiritual Path to Higher Creativity, by Julia Cameron (1992). EXTRAS:Big Five Personality Inventory, by No Stupid Questions (2024)."Personality: The Big Five," series by No Stupid Questions (2024)."Angela Duckworth: The Gritty Road to Growth," by Guy Kawasaki's Remarkable People (2024)."How to Have Great Conversations," by People I (Mostly) Admire (2024).