View the Show Notes Page for This Episode Become a Member to Receive Exclusive Content Sign Up to Receive Peter’s Weekly Newsletter In this special episode of The Drive, Peter provides a comprehensive overview of the various endocrine systems: the thyroid system, the adrenal system, and the sex hormone system (for both men and women). He walks through the basic biology and the feedback cycles that regulate the production of these hormones and discusses the various options for the treatment of hormone deficiencies. In addition, Peter delves into hormone replacement therapy (HRT), providing nuanced insights into its appropriate usage and the clinical approach he adopts when working with patients.   Peter supplements these explanations with whiteboard illustrations. For a more complete understanding, we highly recommend watching these videos over just listening. The videos can be found on our YouTube channel or on the show notes page. We discuss: The thyroid system [2:15]; The adrenal system [15:45]; The female sex hormone system [27:00]; The male sex hormone system [40:00]; and More. Connect With Peter on Twitter, Instagram, Facebook and YouTube

View the Show Notes Page for This Episode Become a Member to Receive Exclusive Content Sign Up to Receive Peter’s Weekly Newsletter John Kastelein is a renowned expert in lipoprotein metabolism and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) research. In this discussion, John delves deep into familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), a genetic disorder characterized by high levels of LDL cholesterol in the blood that increases the risk of developing heart disease. He covers its definition, genetic underpinnings, and clinical identification. He then explores the therapeutic options available for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease, including the captivating history of CETP inhibitors. He explains the past shortcomings of previous CETP inhibitors before underscoring the compelling potential of the latest iterations, not only for cardiovascular disease but also for conditions like Alzheimer's disease and type 2 diabetes. Moreover, he unveils the intricate role of APOE, shedding light on why the APOE4 isoform codes for a protein that significantly increases the risk of Alzheimer's disease and cardiovascular disease. Concluding the discussion, John shares a profound sense of optimism, envisioning the possibility of targeted therapeutic interventions for high-risk patients in the near future. We discuss: Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH): a genetic condition [4:30]; Differentiating between phenotype and genotype when it comes to FH [9:45]; The pathophysiology related to mutations of FH [15:30]; Clinical presentations, physical manifestations, and diagnosis of FH [22:00]; Why a small fraction of people with FH do not develop premature ASCVD [34:15]; Treatment and prevention for those with FH [39:45]; Addressing the assertion by some that elevated LDL is not casual in cardiovascular disease [52:45]; The history of CETP inhibitors, and the role of the CETP protein [55:45]; The thrifty gene hypothesis and why genes underlying FH may have been preserved [1:09:00]; The compelling potential of the latest CETP inhibitor (obicetrapib) [1:13:00]; Promising results from phase 3 trials exploring obicetrapib [1:27:45]; Why the APOE4 allele increases the risk of Alzheimer’s disease, and the connection to blood lipids [1:41:30]; The role of APOE in cardiovascular disease [1:51:45]; Takeaways and looking ahead [1:57:00]; and More. Connect With Peter on Twitter, Instagram, Facebook and YouTube

View the Show Notes Page for This Episode Become a Member to Receive Exclusive Content Sign Up to Receive Peter’s Weekly Newsletter In this “Ask Me Anything” (AMA) episode, Peter delves deep into the data surrounding different forms of cold therapy, including cold water immersion, cryotherapy, and cold showers, aiming to unveil the potential benefits and drawbacks associated with cold therapy. He dissects the studies examining the effects of cold therapy on delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), activation of brown adipose tissue, and its potential impact on mood and as a therapeutic approach for depression. Furthermore, Peter discusses the potential negative impact cold therapy may have on muscular hypertrophy and offers his perspective on the extent to which the data support the notion of cold therapy providing longevity benefits. Finally, he also discusses the existing consensus, or lack thereof, regarding the optimal structure of an effective cold therapy protocol. If you’re not a subscriber and are listening on a podcast player, you’ll only be able to hear a preview of the AMA. If you’re a subscriber, you can now listen to this full episode on your private RSS feed or our website at the AMA #47 show notes page. If you are not a subscriber, you can learn more about the subscriber benefits here. We discuss: Overview of discussion on cold therapy (and a Formula 1 tangent) [1:45]; The most common cold exposure therapies [5:45]; Potential benefits of cold water immersion: a look at the data [9:30]; Comparing the effects of cold water immersion with whole-body cryotherapy [18:30]; The potential impact of cold exposure on mood and as a treatment for depression [20:45]; How do cold showers compare to cold water immersion? [28:15]; Cold exposure and the activation of brown adipose tissue (BAT) [34:15]; Things that clearly impact brain health: smoking, alcohol, sleep, head injuries, blood pressure, and more [34:15]; Exercising in cold temperatures: impact on exercise performance [38:30]; Potential downsides of cold therapy and its impact on hypertrophy, strength, and recovery [44:45]; Are the blunting effects of cold on hypertrophy due to the effects on inflammation? [50:45]; Does cold exposure offer any potential geroprotective benefits? [53:15]; Cold therapy protocols for delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) [56:30]; Summarizing the data and takeaways from Peter [1:01:00]; and More. Connect With Peter on Twitter, Instagram, Facebook and YouTube

View the Show Notes Page for This Episode Become a Member to Receive Exclusive Content Sign Up to Receive Peter’s Weekly Newsletter JoAnn Manson is a world-renowned endocrinologist, epidemiologist, and Principal Investigator for the Women’s Health Initiative (WHI). In this episode, she dives deep into the WHI to explain the study design, primary outcome, confounding factors, and nuanced benefits and risks of hormone replacement therapy (HRT). JoAnn reflects on how a misinterpretation of the results, combined with sensationalized headlines regarding an elevated risk of breast cancer, led to a significant shift in the perception and utilization of HRT. From there, they take a closer look at the breast cancer data to separate fact from fiction. Additionally, JoAnn gives her take on how one should weigh the risks and benefits of HRT and concludes with a discussion on how physicians can move towards better HRT practices. We discuss: The Women’s Health Initiative: the original goal of the study, hormone formulations used, and potential confounders [4:15]; Study design of the Women’s Health Initiative, primary outcome, and more [16:00]; JoAnn’s personal hypothesis about the ability of hormone replacement therapy to reduce heart disease risk prior to the WHI [26:45]; The relationship between estrogen and breast cancer [30:45]; Why the WHI study was stopped early, and the dramatic change in the perception and use of HRT due to the alleged increase in breast cancer risk [37:30]; What Peter finds most troubling about the mainstream view of HRT and a more nuanced look at the benefits and risks of HRT [45:15]; HRT and bone health [56:00]; The importance of timing when it comes to HRT, the best use cases, and advice on finding a clinician [59:30]; A discussion on the potential impact of HRT on mortality and a thought experiment on a long-duration use of HRT [1:03:15]; Moving toward better HRT practices, and the need for more studies [1:10:00]; and More. Connect With Peter on Twitter, Instagram, Facebook and YouTube

View the Show Notes Page for This Episode Become a Member to Receive Exclusive Content Sign Up to Receive Peter’s Weekly Newsletter Rhonda Patrick, Ph.D., is a scientist with expertise in the areas of aging, cancer, and nutrition who translates complex scientific topics into actionable insights on her podcast, Found My Fitness. In this episode, Rhonda provides her latest thinking as it relates to Alzheimer's disease including the possibility of a vascular hypothesis as well as the factors that can impact disease risk such as type 2 diabetes, blood pressure, omega supplementation, exercise, sauna, and more. She also touches on cancer risk including the relationship between cancer and exercise as well as the link between alcohol consumption and cancer. Additionally, Rhonda explains her new focus on exercise and protein consumption as well as how her perspective has shifted as it pertains to fasting and time-restricted feeding. We discuss: Alzheimer’s disease: Rhonda’s evolved thinking on neurodegenerative diseases [2:30]; The breakdown of the blood-brain barrier in neurodegenerative disease [8:45]; An explanation for the observation that type 2 diabetes increases risk of Alzheimer’s disease [15:45]; The role of omega-3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA) in brain health and prevention of neurodegeneration [19:45]; Comparing the preventable nature of type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis, cancer, and dementia [32:15]; Blood pressure: an important modifiable lifestyle factor that can affect Alzheimer's disease risk [35:15]; Rhonda’s outlook on “precision medicine” as it pertains to one’s genetic predispositions [38:45]; Possible mechanisms by which exercise reduces the risk of Alzheimer’s disease [45:45]; Building your aerobic pyramid: neurobiological effects of exercise, benefits of lactate peaks, and more [53:45]; Maximizing mitochondrial biogenesis: alternative training approaches and strategies [58:45]; Possible brain benefits of sauna, and Rhonda’s personal protocol [1:09:30]; The relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness and dementia risk [1:15:30]; How exercise may reduce the risk of cancer [1:20:30]; The overarching impact of exercise on health, and the importance of focusing the factors that matter most [1:33:15]; Impact of alcohol consumption on breast cancer risk and overall health [1:37:15]; Exercise as an intervention for poor sleep habits [1:42:30]; The longevity benefits of consuming adequate protein and strength training to preserve muscle mass and strength [1:46:30]; How to get enough of the right kind of protein in your diet [2:05:15]; Fasting: weighing the risk vs. reward [2:12:15]; How Rhonda’s views have shifted on diet and exercise [2:15:30]; How to follow Rhonda’s work and more about the benefits of lactate for the brain [2:21:00]; and More. Connect With Peter on Twitter, Instagram, Facebook and YouTube

View the Show Notes Page for This Episode Become a Member to Receive Exclusive Content Sign Up to Receive Peter’s Weekly Newsletter In this episode, Robert Sapolsky, Ph.D., discusses the widespread impact of stress on our physical and emotional health as well as the mechanisms by which it can precipitate chronic illness, dementia, depression, and more. He also provides insight into the factors that contribute to the stress response (and our ability to handle it) such as social rank, personality, environment, and genetics. Lastly, we discuss how our behavior is altered in the face of stress and how that not only has a pervasive effect on a personal level, but also on society as a whole in how we interact with each other. We discuss: Background, interest in stress, and Robert’s time in Kenya studying baboons [2:45]; Physiology of a stress response, and why it’s ingrained in our DNA [9:45]; Individual variation in the response to stress, and how everyone has a different optimal level [19:45]; How social rank and personality differences affect our stress response [26:30]; What’s happening in the brain when faced with stressful situations? [35:00]; What makes the human brain different than all other species? [44:15]; Imprinting stress to your kids epigenetically [48:00]; The role of stress on memory and the consequences of hypercortisolemia [53:00]; The impact of subjective socioeconomic status and social media on stress levels and health [57:45]; Tips for managing stress in the modern world [1:13:15]; What Robert learned about himself studying the social behavior of baboons [1:25:30]; The multilayered factors behind every human behavior, the context of “good and bad”, and exploring the human capacity of the wild extremes of violence and altruism from moment to moment [1:30:15]; PMS: How two women with identical hormone levels can have completely different emotional experiences [1:34:45]; How much of a role do genes play in depression and other emotional states? [1:38:00]; Why is cortisol elevated under sleep deprivation? [1:46:00]; The impact of stress on cancer [1:50:30]; The impact of stress on atherosclerosis, dementia, addiction, and depression [1:57:00]; Impulsiveness, impaired judgment, and lack of empathy in times of stress [2:01:45]; What advice would Robert give his 25-year-old self? [2:08:45]; and More. Connect With Peter on Twitter, Instagram, Facebook and YouTube

View the Show Notes Page for This Episode Become a Member to Receive Exclusive Content Sign Up to Receive Peter’s Weekly Newsletter In this “Ask Me Anything” (AMA) episode, Peter goes into depth on the topic of brain health, starting with how Alzheimer's disease is diagnosed, the significance of blood-based biomarkers in diagnosis, and what the various APOE gene variants mean in terms of a person's risk of developing Alzheimer's disease. Next, Peter discusses the various strategies for preventing Alzheimer's disease and neurodegeneration. He touches briefly on exercise as a potent tool, but focuses more on lesser-known factors that could impact brain health, such as nutrition supplementation, lipid management, brain games, sauna, oral health, hearing loss, and more. If you’re not a subscriber and are listening on a podcast player, you’ll only be able to hear a preview of the AMA. If you’re a subscriber, you can now listen to this full episode on your private RSS feed or our website at the AMA #46 show notes page. If you are not a subscriber, you can learn more about the subscriber benefits here. We discuss: Diagnosing Alzheimer's disease [2:45]; Biomarkers for Alzheimer’s disease, the C2N test, and other tools for diagnosis [7:30]; Genetic component of Alzheimer’s disease: genes that confer risk [12:45]; Understanding your APOE status and why it’s important to know [17:15]; The prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease and other forms of dementia, and who is at higher risk [21:15]; Can the risk of Alzheimer’s disease be decreased with behavioral changes? [24:15]; Overview of modifiable behaviors that potentially play a role in risk reduction of neurodegeneration [30:15]; Things that clearly impact brain health: smoking, alcohol, sleep, head injuries, blood pressure, and more [34:15]; How nutrition impacts brain health: common diets, metabolic health, energy balance, and more [46:15]; Comparing common diets: data showing the association between the incidence of Alzheimer’s disease and specific diets [59:45]; Supplements: EPA and DHA, vitamin D, and B vitamins [1:13:00]; Supplements: theracurmin, cocoa flavonols, and magnesium L-threonate [1:25:15]; Impact of exercise on brain health, minimum effective dose, and the most important types of exercise [1:33:00]; Challenging the mind with brain games—does it impact neurodegeneration? [1:43:00]; The data on sauna and brain health [1:49:45]; Oral health and its association with brain health [1:52:45]; How reducing lipids can improve brain health and prevent neurodegeneration [1:55:30]; The potential impact of hearing loss on brain health and neurodegeneration [2:04:30]; and More. Connect With Peter on Twitter, Instagram, Facebook and YouTube

View the Show Notes Page for This Episode Become a Member to Receive Exclusive Content Sign Up to Receive Peter’s Weekly Newsletter Andy Galpin is a Professor of Kinesiology at California State University at Fullerton, where he studies muscle adaptation and applies his research to work with professional athletes. In this episode, Andy returns to the podcast and continues the conversation about training for longevity. He examines the training practices of powerlifters, Olympic weightlifters, Strongmen/women, CrossFit athletes, and sprinters in order to extract insights that can be applied to the individual wanting to optimize for longevity. Andy goes into detail about exercise load and repetition, training volume, the importance of learning proper movement patterns, the advantage of working to technical failure instead of the number of reps, and much more. Andy ties the discussion together by providing a hypothetical training plan for an individual wanting to optimize for longevity and offers advice for avoiding injury. We discuss: Review of the function and organization of skeletal muscle [3:15]; Review of muscle fiber types [9:30]; Hypertrophy: changes in muscle fibers and the underlying mechanisms that make a muscle grow [19:30]; Defining sarcoplasmic hypertrophy and how it relates to the number of reps in a set [30:15]; Training for maximum strength: what we can learn from powerlifters and a hypothetical training plan [32:45]; Ideal reps, volume, and load for the powerlifter [44:45]; What should powerlifters do on their off days? [56:45]; Are there consequences of powerlifting on long-term health? [1:02:00]; Defining Olympic weightlifting: a test of power [1:04:30]; Training principles of Olympic weightlifting [1:07:45]; Tracking power output when training [1:17:15]; Frequency of training for Olympic weightlifting [1:22:15]; How post-activation potentiation (and the opposite) can improve power training and speed training [1:24:30]; The Strongman competition: more breadth of movement, strength, and stamina [1:32:00]; Training principles of Strongmen and advice for someone new to the Strongman competition [1:36:45]; CrossFit: a combination of weightlifting movements, endurance, and circuit training [1:50:15]; Learning from elite athletes, heart rate recovery, V02 max, and other metrics [1:58:45]; Optimizing towards being a well-rounded athlete as opposed to a specialist [2:09:45]; What we can learn from the sprinters about speed, acceleration, peak velocity, and technique [2:17:45]; A training plan for the “centenarian athlete” [2:24:30]; Debunking some training and exercise myths [2:33:00]; The “do nots” of training and tips for avoiding injury [2:34:15]; and More. Connect With Peter on Twitter, Instagram, Facebook and YouTube

View the Show Notes Page for This Episode Become a Member to Receive Exclusive Content Sign Up to Receive Peter’s Weekly Newsletter Andrew Huberman is a Professor of Neurobiology at Stanford University and host of the Huberman Lab podcast. In this episode, Andrew begins with a fascinating discussion about the brain, including the role of the prefrontal cortex in adjusting your ruleset to match your setting, the neural circuitry underlying the ability of stress to limit creativity and problem-solving, the effect of belief on physiology and performance, and more. He speaks about vision being our “superpower” and compares this to animals that rely more on other senses. Next, he opens up about his personal journey, the struggles and losses he has overcome, the value of therapy, and the many great people who helped him along the way. He speaks to his love of biology and discovery and the importance of staying true to your passion rather than being driven purely by ambition. Lastly, the conversation includes a look to the future of Andrew's scientific work and podcast as well as his unique approach to communicating science and tackling the issue of scientific illiteracy. We discuss: Exercise under blood flow restriction, lactate utilization, and transient changes in the brain function in response to adrenaline and stress [3:30]; The role of the prefrontal cortex in governing rulesets [9:15]; New discoveries about the circuitry between the prefrontal cortex, insula, and amygdala, and the insights gleaned about brain function in different emotional states [15:30]; Comparing human vision and other senses to animals [26:00]; A deep dive into vision: evolutionary adaptations, facial recognition, color, and more [39:45]; Sense of smell, pheromones, and why evolution developed better vision over smell [46:30]; The relationship between visual input and time perception [55:30]; Mindset effects: the effect of belief on physiology and performance [1:00:45]; Accessing higher levels of creativity with broadening rulesets and the limiting nature of stress and fear on creativity [1:05:30]; Stress and fear increase autonomic arousal, limit access to rulesets, and inhibit performance [1:12:15]; Andrew’s upbringing, early childhood, and tough adolescent years [1:15:00]; Andrew’s time in a residential treatment program and how he benefited from therapy [1:20:15]; The beginning of positive changes in Andrew’s young life [1:28:30]; Andrew’s decision to turn his life around [1:37:00]; A new passion for science and exercise helps Andrew [1:42:00]; The difference between a postdoc and a PhD [1:54:15]; Staying in touch with the love of biology and not getting pulled into ambition [1:59:15]; Andrew starts his own lab, and continues work to overcome his demons [2:07:00]; The loss of three mentors leads to deep soul searching [2:12:00]; What motivated Andrew to begin his podcast [2:18:00]; Looking to the future of Andrew’s scientific work, podcast, and more [2:22:45]; Andrew’s unique approach to communicating science and the issue of scientific illiteracy [2:30:00]; and More. Connect With Peter on Twitter, Instagram, Facebook and YouTube

Order OUTLIVE View the Show Notes Page for This Episode Become a Member to Receive Exclusive Content Sign Up to Receive Peter’s Weekly Newsletter After more than six years of research, planning, and writing, Peter’s book, Outlive: The Science and Art of Longevity, is officially available as of March 28th. In this episode, Peter sits down with co-author Bill Gifford to provide a behind-the-scenes look into the writing process, including the motivation for making it happen, how the book evolved over the course of the writing process, and why certain topics were chosen (and omitted). Additionally, they discuss how the book is structured and touch on a few of the book’s main themes to give potential readers an idea of what they can expect. We discuss: The meaning of the book’s title and subtitle [3:00]; Finding the right art for the book cover [9:00]; Who is Bill Gifford, and how did he get involved in the book? [16:15]; How Peter’s writing evolved over the six years it took to write this book [25:00]; The structure of the book and what people can expect to learn [29:00]; How the writing of the book and the podcast interviews have shaped Peter’s thinking and approach to translating science [32:45]; Making the book stand the test of time despite the constant evolution of science and medicine [36:00]; Objective, strategy, and tactics [39:30]; Exciting possible progressions in science and medicine over the next decade [42:15]; What is holding back “medicine 3.0” from being the norm? [46:00]; How the book compares to the podcast in terms of technicality and readability for the layman [49:00]; Motivation to write the book and insights into challenges around the writing process [57:15]; Peter’s decision to be the reader for the audiobook [1:10:30]; The many painstaking last-minute changes and edits that brought the book together and made it better [1:19:00]; Peter and Bill’s favorite parts of the book [1:27:30]; The incredible team of people supporting the book [1:31:30]; and More. Connect With Peter on Twitter, Instagram, Facebook and YouTube

View the Show Notes Page for This Episode Become a Member to Receive Exclusive Content Sign Up to Receive Peter’s Weekly Newsletter Ethan Weiss is a preventative cardiologist at UCSF, an entrepreneur-in-residence at Third Rock Ventures, where he is working on a project related to cardiometabolic disease, and a previous guest on The Drive. In this episode, Ethan compares and contrasts the diagnostic imaging tools, CAC (coronary artery calcium score) and CTA (CT angiography), used to image plaque—including the latest in CTA software—and how these tools inform our understanding of ASCVD risk and guide clinical decision-making. Ethan discusses the types of plaque that cause events and the data that make a case for optimal medical therapy over stenting outside of particular cases. He explains why high blood pressure is problematic and walks through the data from clinical trials testing aggressive treatment. He talks about the best way to actually measure blood pressure, why we shouldn’t simply accept that blood pressure rises with age, and how he uses different pharmaceutical agents to treat hypertension. Additionally, Ethan explains our current, but limited, understanding of the role of metabolic health in ASCVD. He discusses the impact of fat storage capacity and the location of fat storage and explains how and why there is still a residual risk, even in people who have seemingly normal lipids, don't smoke, and have normal blood pressure. We discuss: Ethan’s entrepreneurial work in the cardiometabolic disease space [4:30]; Calcium scans (CAC scores) and CT angiography (CTA), and how it informs us about ASCVD risk [6:00]; Peter’s historical CAC scores, CTA results, and how one can be misled [10:45]; How Peter’s CTA results prompted him to lower his apoB [14:45]; Calcium scans vs. CT angiogram (CTA) [21:15]; How Ethan makes clinical decisions based on CTA results and plaque burden, and the importance of starting treatment early to prevent ASCVD [28:15]; Improved methods of CTA to grade plaque lesions and how it’s shaped medical decisions such as stenting [33:45]; Why Ethan favors optimal medical therapy over stenting outside of particular situations [41:45]; The need for FFR CTA, and the potential for medical therapy to eliminate ASCVD [54:00]; The fat attenuation index (FAI) and other ways to measure inflammation in a plaque [57:30]; Statins and exercise may increase the risk of calcification, but what does this mean for risk? [59:45]; The root cause of statin hesitation despite evidence that statins are a profoundly important intervention [1:05:30]; Importance of keeping blood pressure in check, defining what’s normal, and whether we should just accept higher blood pressure with age [1:10:45]; Blood pressure variability, how to best measure it, and data suggesting the enormous impact of keeping blood pressure down [1:21:00]; Drugs for treating high blood pressure recommended by the ALLHAT trial [1:35:15]; What the SPRINT trial says about the aggressive treatment of hypertension, and the risks of such treatment [1:38:15]; Confirmatory results in the STEP trial for blood pressure, and how Ethan uses the various pharmacological agents to lower blood pressure in patients [1:43:15]; The role metabolic health in ASCVD: what we do and don’t know [1:51:00]; The impact of fat storage capacity and the location of fat storage on metabolic health and coronary artery disease [1:56:15]; and More. Connect With Peter on Twitter, Instagram, Facebook and YouTube

View the Show Notes Page for This Episode Become a Member to Receive Exclusive Content Sign Up to Receive Peter’s Weekly Newsletter In this “Ask Me Anything” (AMA) episode, Peter focuses the discussion on two topics getting a lot of attention recently. He first dives deep into GLP-1 agonists, most notably semaglutide and tirzepatide, which originally came to market as diabetes drugs but are now being studied and prescribed for weight loss. He walks through the data and compares the effectiveness of the two drugs, the side effects, and perhaps more importantly, his reservations around wide use of these drugs and who he would consider to be a candidate for them. Next, Peter discusses how metformin, another drug originally brought to market for diabetes management, gained popularity as a potential longevity drug even for non-diabetics. Peter gives his take on this possibility and reviews data from a more recent study investigating the question of whether metformin should be used for general “geroprotection.” If you’re not a subscriber and are listening on a podcast player, you’ll only be able to hear a preview of the AMA. If you’re a subscriber, you can now listen to this full episode on your private RSS feed or our website at the AMA #45 show notes page. If you are not a subscriber, you can learn more about the subscriber benefits here. We discuss: The hype around semaglutide, tirzepatide, and other GLP-1 agonists for weight loss [2:30]; Overview of GLP-1 agonists and why these drugs are getting so much attention [6:15]; Defining the term “geroprotective” [13:30]; Semaglutide: background, brand names, indications, and more [15:15]; Tirzepatide: background, brand names, indications, and more [19:15]; How semaglutide and tirzepatide compare in their efficacy in terms of weight loss and other metabolic health metrics [23:45]; Data showing sustained weight loss and improved metabolic metrics with after more than a year of using semaglutide and tirzepatide [29:00]; What happens to body weight when a patient discontinues the medication? [34:45]; Noteworthy side effects of GLP-1 agonists and similar classes of drugs [40:45]; Increased resting heart rate and other concerning trends in patients using GLP-1 agonists [45:15]; Changes in body composition (body fat and lean muscle) in patients on GLP-1 agonists [50:45]; Possible reasons for the loss of lean muscle mass and tips for protecting lean mass [59:00]; GLP-1 agonists and thyroid cancer [1:01:30]; Who might be a candidate for GLP-1 agonists? [1:03:45]; The large financial cost of this class of drugs [1:08:30]; Metformin as a geroprotective drug: origin of the idea that metformin could be a longevity agent even for non-diabetic patients [1:11:30]; A 2022 study on metformin sheds more light on the question of whether metformin should be used for “geroprotection” in non-diabetics [1:21:00]; Peter’s current approach with metformin for his patients [1:25:15]; and More. Connect With Peter on Twitter, Instagram, Facebook and YouTube

View the Show Notes Page for This Episode Become a Member to Receive Exclusive Content Sign Up to Receive Peter’s Weekly Newsletter Lewis Howes is a New York Times best-selling author, entrepreneur, speaker, and host of the popular podcast, The School of Greatness. In this episode, Lewis opens up about the various hardships and traumatic events he experienced starting at a very young age and reveals the valuable lessons he learned as he worked through those traumas to improve his emotional health. He talks about how his past hardships likely contributed to his success in business and athletics, only to leave him feeling unsatisfied and unfulfilled. Next, he discusses how many aspects of his life were suffering, the inflection point that drove Lewis to seek help, and the long but beautiful healing journey that followed. Lewis makes the case that adversity, and even trauma, can be beneficial if one finds meaning in tribulations and has the courage to face one’s fears and insecurities. Finally, Lewis shares the many modalities of therapy that helped him along the way and gives advice for those wanting to find inner peace and live a fulfilling, rich, abundant, joyful life. We discuss: Lewis’s upbringing and the impact of his older brother going to prison [2:45]; Finding lessons in tragedy and adversity [10:45]; Lasting trauma from being sexually abused at age 5 [13:15]; Inflection point that drove Lewis to seek help, and a beautiful experience at a therapeutic workshop [16:45]; A powerful workshop on emotional intelligence jump started Lewis’s healing journey [27:30]; How being authentic can strengthen bonds with family and bring inner peace [39:30]; Comparing adversity with trauma and finding meaning in struggle [45:15]; Association between adverse childhood events and diseases in adulthood [56:15]; How addressing his issues with intimate relationships helped Lewis overcome physical pain related to his past trauma [59:15]; Healing is a journey that takes time and requires courage to face your fears and insecurities [1:08:45]; How Lewis thinks about mortality and uses it as motivation to pursue his dreams [1:13:00]; How anyone can benefit from therapy or coaching, and Lewis’s advice for finding inner peace [1:22:45]; Lewis’s newest book, The Greatness Mindset [1:29:15]; and More. Connect With Peter on Twitter, Instagram, Facebook and YouTube

View the Show Notes Page for This Episode Become a Member to Receive Exclusive Content Sign Up to Receive Peter’s Weekly Newsletter Siddhartha Mukherjee is an oncologist, Pulitzer Prize-winning author, and previous guest on The Drive. In this episode, Sid discusses many of the subjects of his latest book, The Song of the Cell, including the incredible discovery of the cell and how it transformed medicine. He explains the evolutionary drive to go from single-cell to multicellular life and unpacks the four different types of cell-based therapies and the problems they are attempting to solve. He also provides the latest in gene therapy, such as CRISPR, and the ethical questions around human gene editing. Additionally, he touches on a number of fascinating topics, such as the challenges of medical science, the human brain, learning styles, his writing process, mental health, and more. We discuss: How the cell brings the genome to life, and how Sid’s recent book fits into his prior work to tell a story [2:30]; How the germ theory of disease and an understanding of the cell fueled a big leap in medicine [9:45]; What is the evolutionary drive for multicellular life? [17:15]; Four types of cell therapies and the challenges of gene therapy [26:00]; CAR T-cell therapy: promising gene therapy for cancer [36:30]; The possibility of using gene therapy to treat germline mutations like sickle cell disease [41:45]; The incredible revolution of gene editing with CRISPR [45:15]; Ethical questions around human gene editing [52:30]; The complex role of genetics in mental illness [1:01:30]; Two types of problems in science: the “eye in the sandstorm” problem and the “sand in the eye” problem [1:06:15]; Understanding neural networks: an example of the “sand in the eye” problem being solved [1:08:45]; Importance of learning by doing: comparing the learning styles of a doctoral student to a medical student [1:16:30]; Sid’s unique and brilliant style of writing [1:20:45]; Falling as the leading cause of accidental death: a liability of multicellular existence [1:25:00]; Sid’s struggle with depression and his desire to change the stigma around mental illness [1:29:15]; and More. Connect With Peter on Twitter, Instagram, Facebook and YouTube

View the Show Notes Page for This Episode Become a Member to Receive Exclusive Content Sign Up to Receive Peter’s Weekly Newsletter Anthony Hipolito is a sheriff’s deputy in Hays County, Texas with over 24 years of experience in law enforcement. In this episode, Anthony discusses his work to spread awareness about illicit fentanyl use and the drastic increase in accidental overdoses, especially in young people. Anthony explains the deadly nature of fentanyl, including how many counterfeit drugs are now being laced with deadly doses of fentanyl. He breaks down how fentanyl is being brought to the US and how younger and younger kids are being targeted. Additionally, Anthony discusses his goal of spreading awareness to our communities and provides important advice for what parents can do. We discuss: Anthony’s life of service in law enforcement [5:30]; Fentanyl: medical use, recreational use, and the recent rise in prevalence [8:30]; The story of a teenager dying from an accidental overdose of fentanyl [16:30]; The scope of deaths being caused by accidental overdoses (the majority of which are from fentanyl) [23:00]; How young kids are being targeted, and how fentanyl makes it across our borders and gets distributed [28:30]; What happens to a person when they overdose [35:30]; Whether laws around drug possession are helping or hurting, and the need to focus on helping people that feel the need to take these counterfeit drugs [37:00]; How fentanyl is being added to all kinds of drugs that you wouldn’t expect [42:45]; What can we do as parents? [47:15]; Narcan: a treatment for opioid overdoses [50:15]; Importance of awareness, having conversations with kids early in life, and other key takeaways for parents [56:30]; and More. Connect With Peter on Twitter, Instagram, Facebook and YouTube

View the Show Notes Page for This Episode Become a Member to Receive Exclusive Content Sign Up to Receive Peter’s Weekly Newsletter In this “Ask Me Anything” (AMA) episode, Peter reviews the last 12+ years of his DEXA scan results revealing the changes to his body composition, lean muscle mass, visceral adipose tissue, and more. He explains how his body composition and blood biomarkers were impacted by the various dietary approaches (ketosis, fasting, high protein, etc.) and training protocols (primarily endurance, primarily strength training, etc.) he has undertaken over the years. Furthermore, Peter explains his planned approach moving forward following his most recent DEXA scan in late 2022. If you’re not a subscriber and are listening on a podcast player, you’ll only be able to hear a preview of the AMA. If you’re a subscriber, you can now listen to this full episode on your private RSS feed or our website at the AMA #44 show notes page. If you are not a subscriber, you can learn more about the subscriber benefits here. We discuss: DEXA scans and other methods for tracking body composition [2:30]; Importance of tracking data over time to see trends [10:15]; DEXA scans in 2011: swimming, lifting, and a carb-restricted diet [12:45]; DEXA scans 2012-2014 during Peter’s time on a strict ketogenic diet [18:30]; Blood biomarkers for evaluating metabolic health [25:15]; DEXA scan in 2020 after several years of regularly engaging in time-restricted feeding and prolonged fasting protocols [28:45]; DEXA scan in 2021: shifting focus to adding muscle, high-protein diet, and more strength training [40:00]; DEXA scan in early 2022: eating additional calories and adding blood flow restriction (BFR) to his workouts [44:45]; DEXA scan in late 2022: a dramatic change following shoulder surgery, and the impact of stress [48:30]; Peter’s approach moving forward following his most recent DEXA scan [59:15]; A rundown of the various nutritional methods of energy restriction [1:06:15]; Current thoughts on fasting and key takeaways [1:09:45]; and More. Connect With Peter on Twitter, Instagram, Facebook and YouTube

View the Show Notes Page for This Episode Become a Member to Receive Exclusive Content Sign Up to Receive Peter’s Weekly Newsletter Ric Elias, the founder of Red Ventures and previous guest on The Drive, returns to discuss his evolving insights on time, relationships, parenting, and how to make the most of the gift of life. In this episode, he reflects on the changes he’s made since his near-death experience during the crash landing of Flight 1549 on the Hudson River in 2009. Ric reveals many keys to living a rich life, such as aiming for continuous growth, approaching life with true intentionality, and valuing our time in accordance with that. He talks about relationships as the core of a rich life and provides insights on parenting and how we should think about our relationship with our kids as they grow older. Finally, Ric discusses the importance of staying true to yourself, the value in struggle, and finding meaning in helping others. We discuss: Reflecting on the tumultuous last few years and how his experience on Flight 1549 helped him [2:30]; Parenting: a game of tug of war that you must ultimately lose [5:00]; Importance of friendship and Ric’s motivation for his recent “Friends summit” [8:00]; The impact of looking forward and focusing on growth on finishing life well [13:00]; How our relationships with our children evolve as they grow, and a new perspective on purpose [21:15]; Living with complete intention for a rich life, valuing your time, and other life lessons inspired by Ric’s near-death experience on Flight 1549 [31:15]; How society’s relationship with work has changed, the pros and cons of remote and hybrid working environments, and an update on his company “Red Ventures” [37:45]; Ric’s dedication to philanthropy [44:45]; The Golden Door Scholars program aiming to help undocumented students with education and a future career [50:30]; Ric’s journey in health and longevity [59:15]; Letting go of guilt and loving yourself [1:02:30]; The relationship between happiness and wealth [1:06:45]; Playing the “infinite game,” staying true to oneself, and ignoring the negative [1:09:15]; Speculating on the meaning of success, the drivers of greatness, and the value of struggle [1:16:00]; and More. Connect With Peter on Twitter, Instagram, Facebook and YouTube

View the Show Notes Page for This Episode Become a Member to Receive Exclusive Content Sign Up to Receive Peter’s Weekly Newsletter Dan Rader is a Professor at the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, where he conducts translational research on lipoprotein metabolism and atherosclerosis with a particular focus on the function of high-density lipoproteins (HDLs). In this episode, Dan goes in-depth on HDL biology, including the genesis of HDL, its metabolism, function, and how this relates to atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). He explains why having high HDL-C levels does not directly translate to a low risk of cardiovascular disease and reveals research pointing to a better way to measure the functionality of HDL and predict disease risk. He also goes into detail on the role of HDL in reverse cholesterol transport and the benefits this has for reducing ASCVD. Additionally, Dan discusses the latest thinking around the association between HDL cholesterol and neurodegenerative diseases and ends the conversation with a discussion of how the latest research on HDL provides a promising outlook for ongoing trials and future therapeutic interventions. We discuss: The lipidology of apoB and apoA [4:00]; A primer on the high-density lipoprotein (HDL): genesis, structure, and more [9:30]; How the lipoprotein system differs in humans compared to other mammals [20:00]; Clarifying the terminology around HDL and apoA [25:30]; HDL metabolism [31:45]; CETP inhibitors for raising HDL-C: does it reduce CVD risk? [34:45]; Why it’s so important to have hard outcome trials in the field of cardiovascular medicine [42:30]; SR-B1: an HDL receptor important for cholesterol efflux [48:00]; The association between HDL levels and atherosclerosis: are they causally linked? [53:15]; How insulin resistance is impacting HDL, and how HDL-C provides insights into triglyceride metabolism [58:00]; Disappointing results from the studies of niacin—a drug that raises HDL-C and lowers apoB [1:08:15]; HDL lipidation, dilapidation, and reverse cholesterol transport [1:12:00]; Measuring the cholesterol efflux capacity of HDL: a better predictor of ASCVD risk than HDL-C? [1:22:00]; A promising new intervention that may promote cholesterol efflux and reverse cholesterol transport [1:32:45]; The association between HDL cholesterol and neurodegenerative diseases [1:34:00]; Challenges ahead, a promising outlook, and the next frontier in lipidology [1:44:45]; and More. Connect With Peter on Twitter, Instagram, Facebook and YouTube

View the Show Notes Page for This Episode Become a Member to Receive Exclusive Content Sign Up to Receive Peter’s Weekly Newsletter Andy Galpin is a Professor of Kinesiology at California State University at Fullerton, where he studies muscle adaptation and applies his research to work with professional athletes. In this episode, Andy sets the foundation for the conversation by discussing the anatomy, microanatomy, and physiology of the muscle, including explaining what it actually means to undergo hypertrophy of the muscle. He then explains the difference between power, strength, speed, and hypertrophy and how those differences relate to what's happening at the cellular level and the functional unit level. Additionally, he discusses energy sources for muscles, the importance of protein for muscle synthesis, the various types of muscle fibers, and the factors that determine one’s makeup of muscle fibers. Finally, Andy wraps the conversation with how he would design a program for an untrained person committed to adding muscle and functional strength for longevity. We discuss: Andy’s path to expertise in exercise [3:30]; Contrasting strength, power, and force production and how they inform us about training for longevity [9:30]; Muscle energetics: Fuels that provide energy to muscles, and the importance of protein [17:45]; The structure and microanatomy of muscle, muscle fibers, and more [29:30]; Energy demands of skeletal muscle compared to other tissues in the body [39:45]; How a muscle contraction works and why it requires ATP [48:00]; Muscle fibers: modulation between fiber types with movement and changes in fibers with training and aging [53:15]; Andy’s study of twins demonstrating the difference in muscle fibers between a trained and untrained individual [1:02:30]; Microanatomy of fast-twitch and slow-twitch muscle fibers [1:11:15]; Factors that determine one’s makeup of muscle fibers and how adaptable they are with training [1:22:15]; Hypertrophy and what happens at the cellular level when a muscle grows [1:30:00]; How athletes quickly cut water weight and the rehydration process [1:37:30]; Different types of athletes [1:47:30]; Training advice for a hypothetical client who’s untrained and wants to add muscle and functional strength for longevity [1:49:45]; Changes in muscle and muscular function that occur with aging [1:53:45]; Training plan for the hypothetical client [1:59:30]; What drives muscle hypertrophy? [2:12:15]; How to properly incorporate isometric exercises into a workout [2:19:00]; Additional training tips: movement patterns, how to finish a workout, and more [2:25:45]; Ways to incorporate high heart rate exercise into a workout plan [2:28:45]; and More. Connect With Peter on Twitter, Instagram, Facebook and YouTube

View the Show Notes Page for This Episode Become a Member to Receive Exclusive Content Sign Up to Receive Peter’s Weekly Newsletter In this “Ask Me Anything” (AMA) episode, Peter answers questions related to the leading cause of death in both men and women—atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). He highlights the most important risk factors for ASCVD, such as apoB, LDL, hyperinsulinemia, and Lp(a), and explains the mechanism by which they confer risk and how these factors are interrelated. Peter also dives deep into the data around apoB to try to answer the question of how much residual risk is conferred for ASCVD through metabolic dysfunction once you correct for apoB. He also looks at the data around lifetime risk reduction of ASCVD in the context of low apoB. If you’re not a subscriber and are listening on a podcast player, you’ll only be able to hear a preview of the AMA. If you’re a subscriber, you can now listen to this full episode on your private RSS feed or our website at the AMA #42 show notes page. If you are not a subscriber, you can learn more about the subscriber benefits here. We discuss: A racecar analogy for understanding atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease [2:00]; Defining and differentiating apoB and LDL-C [10:00]; The interrelated nature of insulin levels, apoB, triglycerides, and ASCVD parameters [13:00]; Another way that hyperinsulinemia plays a role in endothelial dysfunction [18:00]; Why Peter uses the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) with all patients [20:15]; Is there any evidence that hyperinsulinemia is an independent contributor to ASCVD? [23:00]; Thinking through risk in the context of high-fat diets resulting in improved metabolic metrics but with an elevation of apoB/LDL-C [27:30]; Thinking through risk in the context of low apoB but higher than normal triglyceride levels [32:15]; The importance of lowering apoB for reducing ASCVD risk [38:15]; Data on men and women with familial hypercholesterolemia that demonstrates the direct impact of high apoB and LDL-C on ASCVD risk [47:45]; Importance of starting prevention early, calcium scores, and explaining causality [52:30]; Defining Lp(a), its impact on ASCVD risk, and what you should know if you have high Lp(a) [56:30]; Lp(a) and ethnic differences in risk [1:00:30]; Why someone with elevated Lp(a) should consider being more aggressive with apoB lowering strategies [1:05:00]; Addressing the common feeling of hesitancy to taking a pharmacologic approach to lower ASCVD risk [1:07:15]; Peter’s take on the 2022 Formula 1 season and thoughts on 2023 [1:15:15]; and More. Connect With Peter on Twitter, Instagram, Facebook and YouTube